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Unit 12 focuses on teaching the productive skills of speaking and writing. Writing skills are often neglected in the classroom and assigned as homework, but should not be ignored because in many ways writing is the more difficult skill, requiring a greater degree of accuracy. Speaking requires a greater degree of fluency.
To encourage students to participate in a communicative activity remember the reasons people communicate: for some purpose, they want to say something, they want to listen to something, and/or they are interested in what is being said.
Accuracy activities (usually during study phase) are concentrated on producing correct language, while fluency activities (usually during activate phase) are concentrated on allowing the students to experiment and be creative with language.
Types of speaking activities include: controlled activities for accuracy (such as drilling or prompting with pre-planned questions), guided activities for accuracy but with some creativity (model dialogues, guided role-play), creative communication for fluency (free role-play, discussions, information gap, debates, simulations, communication games).
Some reasons why students are reluctant to speak include: lack confidence, fear of making mistakes, peer intimidation, lack of interest, previous learning experiences, and cultural reasons.
Techniques for encouraging interaction include pair-work, group-work, controlled and guided practice, making speaking activities purposeful, changing classroom dynamics, careful planning, and giving students time to think about what to say.
Factors in teaching writing include handwriting, spelling, layout and punctuation, and creative writing.
