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Unit 16 focuses on teaching conditionals and reported speech. The five main conditionals are:
Zero conditional: if/when+ present tense, present tense
Refers to actions or facts that are irrefutable. Can use if or when.
Ex: When you boil water, you get steam. Water turns to ice if you freeze it.
First conditional: if +present simple, will (will can be replaced by modal verbs such as may, might, can should, must)
For real situation in the future that is possible, probable, or certain once condition has been satisfied.
Ex: If he studies hard, he will pass the exam.
Second conditional: if + past simple, would/could/might + base form
Communicates a present or future unreal/hypothetical situation that is presently not sure and is unlikely to ever be true.
Ex: If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.
Third conditional: if + past perfect, would/could/might + have + past particle
For a hypothetical past action and hypothetical past consequence/result.
Ex: If I had practiced the piano, I would have been better.
Mixed conditional: 2nd and 3rd conditional together? If + past perfect+ would + base form
For hypothetical past action/state and hypothetical present consequence.
Ex: If I had listened to him, I would be in serious trouble now.
Some basic rules for turning direct speech into reported speech include: If reporting present information use present tense, if the information was learned in the past use past tense. When direct questions are turned into reported/indirect speech the question mark is omitted and there are no quotation marks. Ex: Phil asked how Ken was feeling.
