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Unit 18 teaches modals, phrasal verbs, and passive voice.
Modal auxiliary verbs include: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, have to, have got to, need to, needn’t, and ought to. They are used before other verbs to add meaning to the main verb. They ca also signify obligation, possibility/probability, permission, prohibition, ability, advice. In the present and future tense they are followed by the verb in its base form.
Active (focus on the agent) versus passive voice (focus is on the subject, agent less important)
The active: My wife chose the wallpaper. Passive: The wallpaper was chosen by my wife.
Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object) can be used in the passive.
Form: auxiliary verb ‘be’ + past participle
Three categories of clauses:
Independent clause: a complete sentence with the main subject and verb.
Dependent clause: Not a complete sentence, must be connected to an independent clause.
Relative clause: a dependent clause that modifies a noun (also known as adjective clause)
Two kinds:
Defining relative clause: information given is essential to the sentence. No commas used.
Non-defining relative clause: information given is not essential. Commas used to separate clause.
Phrasal verbs: consist of a verb plus one or two particles (may be a preposition or an adverb, or an adverb plus a preposition).
Type 1: Intransitive: Cannot be follow by an object.
Type 2: Transitive separable: An object pronoun can only come between the verb and the particle. Ex: She took her on. If the object is a noun it can come between the verb and the particle or after the particle: She took Anna on –or- She took on Anna.
Type 3: Transitive inseparable: The object phrase or object pronoun both come after the particle. Ex: She got over the operation. She looks up to her grandmother.
