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Unit 18 explains some basic grammar rules: auxiliary modal verbs (and semi-modal verbs), the passive voice, relative clauses and phrasal verbs.
Modal verbs (like can, could, shall, should, will or would) and semi-modal verbs (like have to or need to) are used to express how someone is feeling about the main verb. They allow us to create permissions (“you may leave” for example), obligations (“I have to go to the dentist”), probabilities (“he might be able to make it in time”), possibilities (“she can go with us if she wants to”), prohibitions (“you can’t go here”), abilities (“it can fly”) or advice (“we shouldn’t go there right now”), that are among the most common usages of modals. Semi-modals, unlike ‘real’ modals, are conjugated; for example the diffirence between: “he can swim” and “he needs to learn how to swim”.
In the passive voice, the object from the active voice becomes the subject of the passive verb. The from of the sentence becomes: auxiliary verb ‘to be’ + past participle, and we do not change the tense of sentence. For example: “Julia caught a fish” becomes “A fish was caught by Julia”, or “he takes piano lessons every Monday” becomes “Piano lessons are taken by him every Monday”. We use the passive voice if we don’t know who was the agent (the doer) or if we think he isn’t important, we want to omit him or change the focus.
There are 3 types of clauses:
-independent: which is one sentence that can stand alone.
-dependent: which is connected to an independent clause, and doesn’t really make sense alone.
-relative: which is a dependent clause that gives more information about the independent clause it’s related to. They can be defining (the information given is essential) or non-defining (it isn’t essential).
Phrasal verbs are multi-word verbs (like: to pick up, to go down...), and are made of a verb, and a particle (or two particles), that can be an adverb or a preposition. Phrasal verbs have commonly 3 types, they can be intransitive (there isn’t any object following it), for example: “you’re going down!”. They can be transitive separable, meaning that an object could follow in the sentence. An object pronoun will be between the verb and the particle (for example: “he picked her up”), and a object noun will be at the same position or after, for example: (“he picked Sophie up” or “he picked up Sophie”). Finally, phrasal verbs can be transitive inseparable, meaning that the object is after the particle (for example: “We ran into Janette at the supermarket”).
