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The main methodologies used for teaching ESL are grammar-translation; audio - lingualism; presentation, practice and production; task-based learning; communicative language teaching; community language learning; the silent way; suggestopaedia; and the lexical approach.
Grammar- translation is the method of breaking down language into parts of speech and comparing it to the original language. Audio - lingualism is the method of repetition and creating the habit of language for the student. Presentation, practice, and production is the method of teaching a new concept, having a guided practice session, and then into a creative production stage with the new language. Task - based learning focuses more on the task than language; teachers can use this method to identify problems that arise while attempting to complete the tasks. The teacher can then use their discoveries to lesson plan. Communicative language learning focuses on role playing scenarios in order to get the student into the mindset of using language as means of communication. Community language learning is usually done in groups of students discussing whatever subject they want. The silent way method has the teacher saying as little as possible, allowing for students to discover the language for themselves. Suggestopaedia is broken into three parts: an oral review on the previous lesson, the presentation of the new language, and the discussion of the new language with relaxing music and new dialogue being read by the teacher.It focuses on the comfort of the student. The Lexical approach focuses on the key idea that words and phrases are more important than grammatical structure.
ESA Lessons can be broken down into three parts: engage, study and activate. During the engage step of a lesson, the main goal is to involve students as much as possible. They are techniques used by teachers to get information about what students already know/what needs to be improved. It gives the students the opportunity to discover and talk. The study portion of the lesson is when the students should focus on the structure of language and the teacher should ensure correct pronunciation. Students are given worksheets in the study portion of the lesson. The activate step of a teaching method is when the student should be encouraged to use all their information. It is encouraged to incorporate information that was not in the lesson.
The ‘Straight Arrow’ lesson is structured as Engage, Study, and then Activate. The boomerang ESA lesson is structured as Engage, Activate 1, Study, Activate 2. This method requires the teacher to guess what issues students will have with new information. It works by the teacher knowingly asking students to use information with which they are unfamiliar. The Patchwork ESA lesson is structured loosely enough for the teacher to create a lesson specific to what the students need. An example of structure would be Engage, Activate, Activate, Study, Activate, Engage, Study Activate.
