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The productive skills are speaking and writing and they are used for communication.
Communication can have different purposes from purely communicative to social ones. A teacher should stimulate these purposes in order to create the desire to speak. Speaking activities can be based on accuracy (in the study phase) or on fluency (in the activate phase). They are both important and fluency should focus on creativity. Speaking activities can also be divided in controlled (accuracy based), guided (accuracy with creativity) and creative (fluency). In order to encourage students to speak a teacher must take into consideration obstacles like lack of confidence, lack of interest, cultural factors and others. The aim of the teacher is to create a comfortable atmosphere where the students are not afraid of speaking and interacting. Pair/group work, plenty of controlled practice and giving time to the students to think before speaking are ways to achieve this.
Grammar, spelling, punctuation, and non Latin native alphabet are additional obstacles when it comes to writing.
Games are very useful activities as they provide rules, a goal and fun. There are competitive or cooperative games as well as communicative or linguistic ones. They can provide controlled or free practice material and they should be part of the teaching.
