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Conditionals explain a type of cause and effect, and their use may require adjusting a words tense.
Zero conditionals are facts, they describe a definitive outcome that we are certain of. e.g. If you throw the ball, it bounces.
First conditionals describe actual situations that we are almost certain of what the outcome will be, but it isn't 100% certain. e.g. If he leaves now, he will get there on time.
Second conditionals are hypothetical situations that are more than likely not possible. e.g. If I had wings, I could fly.
Third conditionals refer to a hypothetical situation in the past. Since the initial action never occurred, its result is impossible. e.g. If I had grown up in a rich family, I would have been successful too.
Mixed conditionals are when you have a hypothetical event in the past, and a hypothetical result. This is a mix of second and third conditionals. e.g. If I had gone out last Friday, I would have met somebody new.
Reported speech is when you are given information by one person, and that information is relayed to another, changing the tense and individual as needed.
e.g.
Dave to John: "I'm going out on Friday"
Steve to John: "What did Dave say?"
John to Steve: "Dave said that he's going out on Friday"
Despite talking about an event in the future, the tense is changed to present since the information is being reported right now.
