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Lessons aimed at teaching vocabulary and grammar often use the straight arrow approach to lesson planning. Functions-based lessons typically use the boomerang or patchwork approach. When selecting vocabulary, the teacher should consider how relevant the words are to the students, frequency, and difficulty. For beginners it is easier to use vocabulary that can be represented by photos or actions. Abstract concepts are better saved for higher level students. Students need to understand the meaning, use, grammar, spelling, pronunciation, and interaction of their vocabulary words. In the engage phase of teaching vocabulary, it helps when the teacher uses pictures or acts out the words. During the engage portion, the teacher should use all means of helping the student understand the meaning. In the study portion, gap-fill exercises, crosswords, and studying/drills are appropriate. In the activate phase, role-play, creation, story building, debate, and simulation activities are appropriate. In introducing grammatical structures, it is important for the student to understand the meaning, use, forms and patterns of the structures. The same ESA techniques used in teaching new vocabulary can be used in introducing grammatical structures. Language functions include inviting, suggesting, agreeing, disagreeing, and suggesting.
