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The idea of future in English can be expressed with different tenses. The seven most common are: future simple, future continuous, future perfect, future perfect continuous, 'going to' future, present simple, present continuous.
The future simple tense is used for future facts, promises, predictions, based on no present evidence, assumptions, spontaneous decisions, threats. The use of 'shall' rather than 'will' is more formal, 'will' generally expresses a stronger intentions than 'shall'. Beginners can easily get confused between 'going to' future and the future simple.
The future continuous is used to express something that will be in progress at a particular moment in the future, to 'predict the present', for enquiries referring to other people's plan, for future events which are fixed or decided. Beginners might get confused by the idea that the action will continue around a specific point in the future and might miss part of the structure.
Future perfect is the 'past in the future', it looks back at the past from a future point of view. It generally goes with an adverbial expression indicating when the future event will be completed. Learners may confuse it with the future perfect continuous which instead is used to say how long something will have continued by a certain time.
The 'going to' future is used for intentions, predictions based on present evidence, plans.
The present simple can also be used with a future meaning in timetables, formal situations or used with an impersonal tone.
Also the present continuous can be used as a future in case of definite arrangements and for plans without a time frame.
