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In IPA we have consonant sounds, pure vowels, long vowels, and diphthongs.
A manner of articulation:
Plosives: A little explosion of sound with our breath.
Affricates: Very close to the plosives, but there is one very important difference in the last step.
Fricatives: Friction in the vocal tract. We have Front o 4 points of articulations. 1) Front of the mouth. 2) Tongue and teeth. 3) Middle of the mouth. 4) Glottis.
Nasal: Made by making obstacle in mouth then air from vocal tract escaping through the nasal cavity. Lateral: It is the /l/ the tip of the tongue is placed on the alveolar ridge and air escapes through the mouth laterally along both sides of the tongue.
Approximants: No audible friction, made by narrowing the vocal tract with the tongue.
Place of articulation
Bilabial: Sounds formed by using both upper and lower lips.
Labio-dental: Sounds formed by using the top teeth and lower lip.
Dental: Sounds formed by putting the tongue between the top and bottom teeth.
Alveolar: Sounds that involve the alveolar ridge.
Palatal-Alveolar: Sounds formed with the tongue just back from the alveolar ridge.
Palatal: The sound made when the tongue is raised against the hard palate.
Velar: Sounds made when the tongue is raised against the soft palate/velum.
Glottal: the sound made in the glottis.
IntonationL Variation in volume, pitch, throughout an entire sentence. It carries the message of a sentence.
Rise-fall: Indicates that we're finished speaking and that we don't necessarily need an immediate response.
Fall-rise: Indicates surprise and often disagreement, and that the speaker wants a person to respond or confirm.
Flat: Indicates that there is no interest.
The connected speech we have 4: Linking, Dropping, Changing and extra lettering.
