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Modals are auxiliaries (additions to) verbs that modify their meaning and conjugation. They are used to express things like ability, obligation, possibility, advice and permission. The basics are can/could/might/should/would/may/must, along with the phrasal ought to/be able to/have to/have got to. It is important to know the verb itself remains in the infinitive when used with a modal, and that the modal itself as well as any necessary auxiliaries (as in regular conjugation) are what is conjugated. This may pose a challenge to students just being introduced to the idea.
The passive voice rearranges a sentence so the action or state-of-being of an object is presented first, with the usual subject being tacked on at the end or omitted completely. This changes the emphasis, allowing for a focus on what happens rather than who does it, very useful when we're talking about the consequences of an action or situations where we do not know or do not want to say who will do/has done an action. The main grammatical change is that we use the verb to be (conjugated) along with the past participle of the desired verb. "I have already eaten that apple", would become, "That apple has already been eaten".
Phrasal verbs are verb forms that are made up of more than one word, a verb and a participle. They will usually have a non-phrasal counterpart (back up vs reverse) and are usually less formal and very common in spoken English. They may be intransitive (no direct object follows), transitive separable (the object can go between the verb and participle or after both), or transitive inseparable (the verb and participle cannot be split by the object). Grammatically, we only conjugate the verb via its usual conjugation. Often, as these are so common and pervasive, it is a good idea to choose a subject or activity and give example of common phrasal verbs for that subject.
