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Conditionals are sentences that refer to present, past and future possibility. They have two clauses: the “if clause” (condition) and the “main clause” (consequence). There are 5 types of conditionals: 1. Zero conditional (if + present, present): it refers to things that are always true e.g. If you heat ice, it melts. 2. First conditional (if + present, future): it refers to situations in the future that have a high possibility to happen e.g. If it rains tomorrow, I’ll stay home. 3. Second conditional (If + past tense, could/would/might): it refers to present or future hypothetical situations that are probably not going to happen e.g. If I won the lottery, I would travel to China. 4. Third conditional (If + past perfect, could/would/might + have + past participle) it refers a condition in the past that didn’t happen, so the result didn’t happen either e.g. If I had known you were there, I would have taken you home. 5. Mixed (form can vary, usually If + past perfect, would) e.g. If I had bought the car, I would be broken now. Some teaching ideas for conditionals are: complete the conditional, what a question!, what would happen if…?, etc. Reported speech is used to express what other person said. Usually, when you report things take a step back, which is called backshifting (present becomes past, this becomes that, etc.) Some teaching ideas for reported speech are: intermediates (quarreling neighbors, couple, etc.), media interviews, etc.