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Unit 2 provides me with knowledge of parts of speech. The first part is about Nouns. Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas. There are many different types of nouns. Here are a few: common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns, collective nouns, Countable and Uncountable Nouns. +Common Nouns – They names of people (e.g. man), things (e.g. book), animals like monkey, and places like church. + Proper Nouns – they are special names of people (e.g. man), things (e.g. Financial Times), animals (e.g. King Kong). A proper noun begins with a Capital Letter. +Abstract Noun – An abstract Noun is the name of something that we can only think of or feel but cannot see (e.g. friendship). + Collective Nouns – they are names used for a number of people, things or animals together and treated as one. For example: a group of friends, a bunch of bananas, a litter of puppies. +Countable and uncountable Nouns: Countable Nouns are Nouns which can be counted (e.g. trees). Uncountable Nouns are nouns which cannot be counted (e.g. smoke). +Singular and plural Nouns: A noun that shows only one person (e.g. a girl), animal (e.g. a dog) or place (e.g. market) is called a singular noun. By contrast, A noun that shows more than one person (e.g. girls), animal (e.g. dogs) or place (e.g. markets) is called plural nouns. The next part of unit 2 is about Adjectives. An adjective is a word that tells us something about a noun, that is, about a person, an animal, a thing or a place. For example: she is a pretty girl. When there are more than two adjectives before a noun, this is the order of those adjectives: Size -> Age -> Color -> Material -> Noun. Comparisons of Adjectives are one of the most important things mentioned in the Adjective section. We use comparative degree to compare two unequal nouns. For example: his house is bigger than my house. Most comparative adjectives end in -er (richer, happier, taller) or begin with more (more beautiful, more peaceful). These are also irregular comparatives which do not follow this –er or more pattern (better, less, worse). We use the superlative degree to compare three or more nouns. For example: his house is the biggest in the neighborhood. Most superlative adjectives end in –est (richest, happiest, tallest) or begin with most (most beautiful, most spontaneous). But, just like comparative adjectives, there are some irregularities (best, least, worst). Another part of unit 2 is about the Articles. Definite Article – “the” Indefinite Article – “A” or “An” “A” is used: Before a word which begins with a consonant. Example: a woman. Before a singular, countable noun. Example: a banana. When we mention something for the first time. Example: I saw a dog. Before a word with a long sound of “u”. Example: a uniform. Before the word “one”. Example: a one-way street. “An” is used: Before a noun which begins with a vowel. Example: an apple. Before a word which begins with a vowel sound or a silent “h”. Example: an hour. “The” is used When the same thing or person mentioned again. Example: I bought an orange. The orange is sweet. When there is only one such thing. Example: the Earth. Before the special names of rivers, seas, political parties, and countries such as the U.S.A, the Nile, the Dead Sea, the Pacific Ocean. Zero Articles are used: Before the name of a person. Example: I am a fan of Michael Jackson. Before the name of a place, town, country, street, or road. Example Barcelona is a beautiful city. Before names of materials. Example: Gold is found in Australia. The next part of Unit 2 provides learners with knowledge of Verbs. A verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of being. Auxiliary Verbs are verbs used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs. Infinitive form of a verb is the verb in its basic form. The infinitive form of a verb is usually preceded by to. (e.g. to run, to dance, to think). Transitive verbs are ones which need an object to make its meaning clear or complete. Example: He feeds a cat. Intransitive verbs are ones which do not need an object but the meaning is clear or complete. Example: he ran. Unit 2 also provides knowledge of Adverbs for learners. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Adverbs answer “where?”, “when?”, “How often?” and “to what exten”. There are five main types of adverbs: + Manner: e.g. well, hard, slowly, quickly. + Place: e.g. above, up, here, there. + Time: e.g. Now, then, soon, recently. + Degree: e.g. very, much, really, quite. + Frequency: e.g. once, twice, sometimes, always. The positions of adverbs in a sentences: + An adverb often stands after the object of a transitive verb. Example: He ate his lunch quickly. + An adverb often stands immediately after an intransitive verb. Example: She was sleeping deeply. + Adverbs of frequency are placed between the subject and the verb. Example: she always sleeps after lunch. When there are more than two adverbs in one sentence. The order of those adverbs is place – manner – time. Example: He will drive there slowly tomorrow. The next section of Unit 2 is about Pronouns. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. It refers to a person or thing without giving the name. There are two types of Personal Pronouns: +Those used as subjects. Example: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. +Those used as objects. Example: Me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them. Reflexive pronouns: we use those pronouns when the action of the doer goes back to himself so that the subject of the sentence is the same person as the object. Example: He has hurt himself. Relative pronouns take the place of Nouns or Pro nouns, and they are used to join two sentences about the same person or thing. Example: who, which, that, whom, and whose. Prepositions are the next part mentioned in Unit 2. Prepositions are words placed before Nouns and Pronouns. They are used to show time, position and direction. +An example of Prepositions showing time: My birthday falls in August. +An example of Prepositions showing position: He is standing at the door. +An example of Prepositions showing direction: she got into the taxi. The last part of unit 2 mentions Conjunctions. Conjunctions join words, phrases and sentences together. +An example of Conjunctions join words: I have a car and a house. +An example of conjunctions join phrases: the fisherman is happy walking along the beach and carrying a bucket full of fish. +An example of conjunctions join sentences: he walked to his car and got into it.