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UNIT 13 Teaching Pronunciation & Phonology
INTONATION
• Rise / fall – the normal pattern of intonation in a statement
• Fall – when speaker finish what he/she wanted to say. Is used in positive and negative statements, questions, greetings, instructions
• Fall / rise – often indicates surprise and disagreement, the speaker wants other person to respond or confirm. Also can indicate the speaker hasn’t finished what he/she has to say
Techniques for teaching intonation
• Nonsense words
• By gesture
• Humming or singing
• The board
STRESS
Rules about word stress
• One word has only one stress. In longer words can be secondary stress, but it’s much smaller
• We can only stress syllables, not individual vowels or consonants
Lack of stress
• In normal speech there are more syllables without stress
He’s gone to the supermarket with his friend
• Unstressed parts of speech (except of special emphasis)
Auxiliary verbs
Articles
Pronouns
Prepositions
Techniques for indicating and teaching stress
• Contrastive – correct/wrong/correct
• By gesture – clapping, clicking fingers
• Choral work – chanting or singing typical rhythms of English
• The board (underlining)
• Stress marks
Sound joining
• Linking (Marble Arch – marblarch)
• Sound dropping (Bond street – bon street)
• Sound changing (Green Park – Greem Park)
• Extra letting (Anna and the king – Anner and the king)
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
This is universal system of one set of phonetic symbols for all speakers of English
Articulation
The speech organs: the tongue, the larynx, the glottis
Place of articulation:
• Palatal
• Palatal-alveolar
• Alveolar
• Dental
• Labio-dental
• Bilabial
• Glottal
Manner of articulation:
• Plosive (the air is completely blocked before being released in a explosive)
• Fricative (turbulence or friction is produced)
• Nasal (the air can only escape thought nasal cavity)
• Lateral (consonants are pronounced with the air escaping on the side of the tongue)
• Affricative (plosive with constructive release)
• Approximant (a sound is produced by narrowing the vocal track, by placing)
Teaching techniques for pronunciation of individual sounds
• Peer dictation
• Your own mouth
• Visuals
• Phonemes
• Tongue twisters
