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This unit covers modals, phrasal verbs & passive voice. The chapter begins with modal auxiliary verbs such as should, could, may, might, must, etc. which convey some sort of obligation, possibility, permission, ability or advice. The organized table clearly explains uses of each modal auxiliary verb, what it looks like in the present tense, and if available to use in the past, an example of past usage as well. This is followed by ways in which the teacher can introduce these in the classroom such as via role-play (e.g. a doctor telling a patient what they could/should/must do to recover from an illness), rules (e.g. what the rules are in a school and what students can/cannot/may do), and signs such as traffic signs for what drivers and pedestrians must or must not do.
The second section focuses on the passive voice, and explains the difference between active and passive voice. The passive voice is used when either the doer of the action is not known, is not important, or we do not wish to reveal who he/she is, but 'by' can be added if the speaker or writer wants to mention the doer of the action. The section then has a table clearly outlining what each tense turns into in the passive voice via the appropriate addition of 'to be' + past participle. The section ends with teaching ideas such as matching active/ passive sentences and general knowledge questions in the passive voice.
Next, relative clauses are introduced in the larger context of independent and dependent clauses. Then, each type of relative clause is explained:
Defining relative clause: where the information given regarding the relative clause is essential to the sentence (e.g. my dog who is always sick is finally doing better - indicates there may be multiple dogs and a specific one is being highlighted).
Non-defining relative clause: where the information given regarding the relative clause is not essential to the sentence (e.g. my dog, who is always sick, is finally doing better - indicates I only have one dog).
Finally, phrasal verbs are introduced, which consist of a verb + one or two particles. There are three types of phrasal verbs:
Type 1 - Intransitive: these cannot be followed by a direct object (e.g. she didn't show up)
Type 2 - Transitive separable: 1) the object pronoun can only come between the verb and the particle (e.g. she brought her on works but she brought on her does not), & 2) the object pronoun can come between the verb and the particle or after the particle (e.g. she took Luther on or she took on Luther).
Type 3 - Transitive inseparable: 1) the object phrase or pronoun can come after the particle (e.g. he got over the breakup or he got over it), 2) also includes phrasal verbs which have two particles - an adverb followed by a preposition (e.g. she does not put up with him anymore).
