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UNIT 16 CONDITIONALS AND REPORTED SPEECH
Grammar
Conditionals - are sentences that contains the connective word 'if' or similar expressions such as 'when'.
There are two main kinds of clauses of a conditional sentences:
>If I had the money, I would go to Europe now.
>I would make the final output of my invention, if I had the money.
In the first conditional sentence the'if' clause contains the condition that has to be satisfied before the consequence and on the second is on reverse, hence stating the consequence first before the condition.
In grammar rules there are five main conditionals:
I. Zero Conditional
Form: if/when + present tense, present tense.
Usage: It refers to actions and facts that are irrefutable. If and when can be used interchangeably without change in meaning.
ex. When the sun sets, it gets dark.
II. First Conditional
Form: if + present simple, will
Usage: Refers to a real situation in the future that is possible once the condition has been satisfied.
ex. If she plays the guitar everyday, she will be an expert of it.
III. Second Conditional
Form: if + past simple, would/could/might + base form
Usage: Communicates a present or future 'unreal' hypothetical situation that is presently not true and is unlikely ever to be true.
ex. If I was taller, I'd be a supermodel.
IV. Third Conditional
Form: If + past perfect + would/could/might + have + past participle
Usage: Refers to a hypothetical past action or non-action or the hypothetical past consequence/result.
ex. If I had pushed through with the project, I would have been a full fledged inventor.
V. Mixed Conditional
Form: if + past perfect + would + base form
Usage: Refers to a hypothetical past action and the hypothetical present consequence.
ex. If I had toured the museum, I'd have better memories from our trip.
Reported speech and direct speech has its own set of rules as a guideline to all English users:
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous
Past Simple Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Will Would
Past Perfect Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
