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Conditionals are sentences containing "If" (or similar expressions such as 'when') which refers to past,present and future possibilities.The fivemain conditional's play's a major role in the past, present,simple sentences as well as in direct and in-direct speech.
Zer conditional If/when + present tense,refers to actions and facts that are irrefutable.
First conditional If+present simple,will-talks about a'real' situation in the future that is possible or probable or even certain.
Second conditional If + past simple,would,could,might, communicates a present or future "unreal',hypothetical.
Third conditional If+past perfect/would/could/might/have refersto hypothetical past action and hypothetical past result.
Mixed conditional-we sometimes combine a second conditional clause with athird condtional clause.
Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations", she said.
Indirect Speech / Reported Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example:
Direct speech:"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
Indirect speech :"He said he was going to the cinema".
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Present simple
She said, "It's cold."
›
Past simple
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online."
›
Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
›
Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
›
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
›
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday."
›
Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier."
›
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."
›
Past perfect
NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."
›
Past perfect continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.
Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
