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Conditionals are sentences comprised of two clauses(the 'if' clause and the main clause) which refer to past, present, or future possibilities. There are five main clauses and each refers to a time and probability of occurrence. An idea for teaching conditionals may be to split all different types of conditionals in half, mix them up, and have the students put them back together. Additionally, you may give them one clause of the conditionals and have them fill in the other or you could go around the room and have them verbally finish the conditional. This lesson is definitely for an intermediate to higher class levels as the sentence structuring and verb tenses must be understood before trying to tackle conditionals.
Reported speech versus direct speech are another higher class level subject for the same reasons as conditionals. Direct speech is when a second party is immediately communicating to a third party what a first party has told them as it is happening. Conversely, indirect(reported) speech is when others convey something to a second party about someone that they discovered in the past. The difficulties in teaching this subject will be in the changing of the verb tenses, the expression of time, the correct pronoun and pattern usage, and the question form. A helpful teaching activity could be to have groups of three have hypothetical conversations between two of the people, which is then conveyed to the third person. We should never rush through this subject matter and be careful to explain each aspect slowly as to ensure maximum understanding from the students.
