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Modal auxiliary verbs are used before other verbs to add further meaning. Modals can express:
1. obligation
2. possibility
3. permission/prohibition
4. ability
5. advice
Here is a list of auxiliary verbs with their uses:
1. may - polite request, formal permission, less than half certainty
2. might - low certainty, polite request (uncommon)
3. need to - need or necessity, lack of need or necessity, optional need or necessity
4. must - obligation, prohibition, very high certainty
5. have to - necessity or obligation, lack of necessity or obligation
6. have got to - strong necessity
7. should/ought to - advisability, moral obligation, high certainty
8. should - unexpected past result
9. can - ability, possibility, informal permission, informal polite request, assumed impossibility (rare)
10. could - past ability, polite request, suggestion, less than half certainty, improbability
11. be able to - ability
12. would - polite request, preference, repeated past action
Passive voice is used when the agent of the action is less important than the object and the action. For example:
Active voice would say "Glenn's Carwash cleaned my car last week."
Passive voice would say "My car was cleaned last week."
Who cleaned my car is less important in this situation than the fact that it was cleaned. Using passive voice directs attention to this.
Here are the verb forms used for passive voice:
1. present simple - is/are + past participle
2. present continuous - is/are being + past participle
3. present perfect - have/has been + past participle
4. past simple - was/were + past participle
5. past continuous - was/were being + past participle
6. past perfect - had been + past participle
7. future simple - will be + past participle
8. future continuous - will be being + past participle
9. future perfect - will have been + past participle
10. "going to" future - going to be + past participle
Relative clauses are used to modify a noun. There are defining and non-defining relative clauses. Defining relative clauses makes it clear what is being talked about. Non-defining relative clauses give extra information that does not greatly change what the sentence is saying. Here is an example:
Defining : My house that is in Seaside flooded yesterday.
Non-defining: My house, that is in Seaside, flooded yesterday.
The defining sentence makes it seem as though the speaker has a number of houses, and explaining that it is the one in Seaside helps the listener.
Phrasal verbs are multiple-word verbs:
1. Intransitive - the verb cannot be followed by a direct object (She didn't show up)
2. Transitive separable - an object pronoun must be between the verb and particle or the object noun can be between the verb and particle or after the particle (I helped her out, I helped out Meg, I helped Meg out.)
3. Transitive inseparable - object phrase or object pronoun come after the particle (You got over the fight.) OR phrasal verbs with two particles (My mom put up with a lot from her tenants.)
