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This grammar chapter focuses on four topics: modal verbs, passive voice, relative clauses, and phrasal verbs.
Modal verbs, which are auxiliary verbs that express various ideas, such as obligation (must, have to, should, ought to, or have got to), probability or possibility (may, might, should, ought to, could, or can), ability (can, could, or be able to), permission or prohibition (can, may, would, could, must, or might), or suggestions or advice (should, could, or would). When teaching modal verbs, on e may use role-play to set up instances in which the students expresses the proper usage(i.e doctor and patient, friend and friend, policeman and citizen, coach and trainee).
The two voices of English, particularly the passive voice, and it's formation in relation to the verb tense used in a sentence can be tricky for students when learning to use the 'to be' verb, which tense should be used with the verb 'to be', or when to use the 'by' phrase. This (the passive voice) is used when it's unknown, unimportant, or we wish to not say exactly who performs the action. However, when the speaker/writer wants the listener/reader to know who performs the action, one may use the passive form with a 'by' phrase. Some teaching methods of passive and active voice are using general knowledge tests (e.g. Who was "Atlas Shrugged" written by?) or chopping up passive and active sentences and having students put them back together.
A relative clause is a dependent clause, which is a incomplete sentence that must be connected to an independent clause, that modifies a noun. Also referred as an adjective clause, it identifies, describes, or gives further information about a noun and may be, or may not be, introduced by a relative pronoun (who, which, that, whose, whom). There are defining and non-defining relative clauses, with the latter being unessential to the meaning of the sentence and vice versa for the former. The teaching of their use will be best taught in conjunction with the teaching of the use of clauses in general by slowly working them in over time and using them often in speech and writing opportunities.
Phrasal verbs, or multi-word verbs, consist of a verb and one or two particles. The three forms, which are intransitive (phrasal verbs that can't be followed by a direct object), transitive separable (and object pronoun comes between the verb and the particle, while an object noun either comes between the verb and the particle or after the particle), and transitive inseparable (a phrasal verb accompanied by two particles, which often changes the meaning of the verb, or the object phrase, or the object pronoun, come after the particle) are extremely tricky for students to learn and may best be taught as vocabulary items and, while making sure to use only those that have been taught, by using them naturally in uncontrolled practice and conversation.
