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The Modal auxiliary verbs are: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, have to, have got to, need to, needn't and ought to. Some modal verbs can mean the same thing but have different degrees of formality. They can be used to express a number of different ideas. The most common uses are:
-Obligation: I must do my homework or I'll miss the deadline.
-Possibility: You can find new clothes in this new store.
-Permission: "May I go to the bathroom?". The student asked the teacher.
-Ability: I can drive because I have a driver's license.
-Advice: You should tell your parents about your grades.
-Deduction: Oh God! Are you okay? That must be really painful!
-Offer: Would you like a piece of my cake?
-Prediction: You musn't go in there, it's only for authorized people.
-Promise: I will try my best.
-Request: Could you do me a favor?
There are two voices used in English, the active voice and passive voice. We can rewrite the same sentence with the same meaning in the same tense.
Ex: I have kept all your old letter. (Active voice)
All your old letter have been kept. (Passive voice)
The sentences doesn't change their meaning neither does the verb tense. The same rule applies to other tenses in English with the exception of the perfect continuous that is not commonly used. The usages of the passive voice are: when the agent is unknown or unimportant, to change focus or for concealling the agent.
Relatives clauses are parts of a sentence that are not essential. They can be easily removed of the sentence without changing the meaning. They are introduced by a relative pronoun such as: who, which, that, whose, whom, etc. Ex: The umbrella that I bought last week is already broken. The relative clause is "that I bought last week".
Phrasal consist of a verb plus one or two particles (a particle may be a preposition or an adverb, or an adverb plus a preposition), when together change their meaning. Ex: Our car broke down last week (broke down: stop working).
Phrasal verbs can be:
- Intransitive, it can't be followed by a direct object. Ex: There's a lot of information to catch on.
-Transitive separable, an object pronoun can only come between the verb and the particle. Ex: He really let me down when he forgot my birthday.
-Transitive inseparable, the object phrase or object pronoun both come after the particle. Ex: My mother promised to look after my dog while I was gone.
