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Conditionals and reported speech.
Conditionals: These are sentences containing 'if' (or similar expressions such as 'when') which refer to past, present and future possibilities.
There are five main conditionals which are:
1. Zero conditional
2. First conditional
3. Second conditional
4. Third conditional
5. Mixed conditional
**Zero conditional: the Form = if/when + present tense, present tense
When you boil water, you get steam. (Condition: boiled water; consequence: steam)
**First conditional: the Form = if + present simple, will ('will' can be replaced by a modal verb. E.g. may, might, can, should, must)
Usage = If he studies hard, he will pass the exam. (Condition: hard study; certain consequence: passing the exam)
**Second conditional: the Form = if + past simple, would/could/might + base form
(When the verb 'to be' is used in the if clause it can be 'If I was' or 'If I were'. The latter is more formal.)
Usage = Communicates a present or future 'unreal', hypothetical
situation that is presently not true and is unlikely ever to be true.
If I won the lottery, I would travel the world .
**Third conditional: Form = if + past perfect, would/could/might + have + past
participle.
Usage = Refers to a hypothetical past action (or non-action) and the hypothetical past consequence/result . If I had practiced the piano, I would have been better. (but I didn't practice the piano!)
**Mixed conditional: Form = If + past perfect, would + base form
Usage: If I had listened to him, I would be in serious trouble now.
(I didn't listen to him, so I'm not in trouble!)
Reported speech and direct speech:
If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request
Type Example
direct speech “I speak English.”
reported speech
(no backshift) He says that he speaks English.
reported speech
(backshift) He said that he spoke English.
Type Example
direct speech “Carol, speak English.“
reported speech He told Carol to speak English.
