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Unit 16 teaches us the use of conditional sentences as well as the use of reported speech. Conditional sentences refer to "if" expressions in the past, present and future. You have two clauses; the "if" clause which usually stipulates a condition, and the main clause which can occur either in the past, the future or also a hypothetical situation. We have the zero conditional used for irrefutable facts and actions. The structure here is "if"+ present, present. The first conditional is used for conditions in the present and future consequences. The structure is If+ present+ future. The second conditionasl is for hypothetical situations. Its structure is If+past+would+verb. The third conditional is used to express past situations. Its structure is If+past perfect+ would have+ verb. We also have the mixed conditional which can have a past condition with a hypothetical present consequence. The strucuture is If+ past perfect+ would + base form of the verb.
We also review reported speech in this unit, which is used to say, in your own words, what someone else said. Usually for this, we use backshifting which means you have to go one tense back in order to report what another person said. So, if someone were to say a sentence in the simple present, you would report what that person said using the simple past. A similar technique is used for all the other reported speech sentences and tenses. The unit gives us examples of activities we can do in class to practice these structures.
