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Teaching ESL pronunciation is one of the hardest things ESL teachers do because there are so many variables to consider; but, here are some tips and resources that I have learnt from unit 13. Teaching ESL pronunciation requires a basic knowledge of what makes: • One speaker sound different from another • One language different from another • One accent different from another When you understand how all these things work together to create a spoken language, you will be able to better teach English pronunciation. Phonemes Phonemes are the individual sounds that, when glued together, make up words. They include both vowel and consonant sounds, and when one or more phonemes is changed in a word, the word is also changed. For example, these words are all different with different meanings: • Pit, pat, put, pet and pot • Pat, bat, cat, hat, rat and sat • Sat, sad, sap, sack and sass To teach the pronunciation of any phoneme, a teacher must do at least the following three things: 1. Demonstrate - This may seem exceedingly obvious, but the first step in teaching pronunciation is to demonstrate sounds for your students so they can see what you're doing with your face and mouth. You can use your own face and mouth, or you can use models or diagrams to show the proper placement of the tongue, lips and teeth to produce a certain sound. 2. Exaggerate - Many times, the difficulty students have with English pronunciation stems from the fact that their language doesn't have the same sounds. The "th" sound (voiced or unvoiced), especially, can be quite difficult because it simply doesn't exist in most other languages. When you say, "thanks," your tongue barely touches your teeth for just a fraction of a second. If you watched someone say it in slow motion, you'd see their tongue peek out for just a moment. But when you teach your students to pronounce words with the "th" sound, you should stick your tongue way out and spit all over everyone in the front row to make it quite clear that: • This is a very different sound from the "s" sound. • Your tongue MUST touch your teeth to make it. • You have to push a lot of air through when you say it. I will make you look like a complete idiot, and the students will always laugh at you and never want to make fools of themselves in the same way, but they learn how to say the "th" sound, by-golly. 3. Differentiate - When a sound doesn't exist in a student's native language, they always find a substitute sound that they are familiar with. The "th" sound can turn into an "f," "s" or "t" sound depending on the student's native tongue. It is important to demonstrate that there are differences in the sounds, and that those differences are very important: • When Japanese speakers say that Tokyo is a very nice "sh**ty" (city), an explanation of what sh**ty means, makes that easy to correct too. Correcting most of these mistakes is not quite as urgent, but with a few examples, students will understand why each sound is important, and they will work hard to get each phoneme correct. They only need you to teach them the difference. Language Rhythm and Stress One of the biggest reasons non-native English speakers sound non-native is that they try to speak English in the rhythm of their native language. Each language has its own "music," so to speak, with emphasis placed on different words. • In some languages, equal stress is placed on each word. • In English, each phrase has a "focus word" that receives the emphasis. Basically, there are two types of words: content words and function words: • Content words are the words you absolutely need to understand in order to receive the message of a sentence. • Function words are the words that are necessary for grammatical purposes, but that can be removed without losing much (if anything) in the way of communication. We see these two types of words emerge as children learn to speak. • Toddlers communicate only in content words: "Mama, juice." Given the context, anyone can understand that the child is asking his mother for juice, or perhaps commenting that the mother has a glass of juice. • As language skills develop, children begin using function words as well (pronouns, prepositions, articles, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, etc.). The "focus word," the word that is emphasized in an English phrase, is usually the last content word in that phrase. There are exceptions to this rule, of course, if you want to shift the emphasis for some reason (to contrast or correct, perhaps); but, in general, that's how it works. Linking and Reducing Sounds Consider this sentence: "All of the penguins are on him!" How would a native speaker of English say this sentence? Would each letter be pronounced? Would the words be neatly separated? Absolutely not! Some sounds would be cut off, and all the words would be linked together in one long sound. This is normal and natural, and it's necessary for students to learn if they want to speak English fluently. Here are a few tips for helping ESL students learn how to link and reduce speech: • Connect consonants to the vowels that follow. • Connect vowels to the consonants that follow. • If one word ends with a consonant sound and the next word begins with the same consonant sound, it is only necessary to voice the sound once. These sounds usually "feel" more connected to the second word than the first. (What's Sam making?) Intonation The last piece of the pronunciation puzzle is intonation - the rise and fall of the pitch of your voice. Many people think that questions have a rising intonation and statements don't. This is not entirely true. • At the end of a sentence, intonation falls. • After a clause that does not end a sentence, intonation "waves." • At the end of a "wh-" question to which the speaker does not know the answer, intonation rises, then immediately falls. • When a speaker has misunderstood or not completely heard the answer to his question and repeats it, asking for clarification, intonation rises. • When a speaker puts words in statement order, but means the statement as a question, intonation rises. • When a speaker responds in shock, surprise or confusion, intonation rises.