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Conditional statements deal with posiblities and use either if or when. The zero conditional is used for statements that are certain or almost certain, and is formed with if or when and the present tense followed by the present tense. "If the river dries up, we can walk across." The first conditional is used for statements that are fairly likely or at least possible in the future if conditions are met. It is formed by If and the present tense, followed by the future tense. "If it's sunny, I will go out." The second conditional is for statements which will probably never happen. It's formed by If and past simple, followed by would and the base verb. "If you were president, you would ruin the country." The third conditional is for statements about a condition in the past which was not met and a hypothetical future. It is formed by If and the past perfect, followed by would/could/might, have, and the past participle. "If I had been faster, I might have caught the ball." It's really easy to make mistakes in conditional statements because there are lots of different conjugations involved, and it's easy to mix up the usages. Strategies for teaching conditionals include breaking up conditional statements for students to match, giving them half a statement and asking them to complete it, giving them speculative topics about the future or hypothetical situations to discuss, nuclear bunker role play. When reporting past speech, in general you use "said" or a similar verb, change the verb in a way that depends on the original verb (generally: present into past, past into past perfect, will into would), and change any references to "I" "my" or "me" into he, she, it, or you depending on the speaker (unless of course you're paraphrasing yourself). For questions you use the verb "asked" (or similar) keep the question word and if there is no question word, use If or Whether. There are a lot of moving parts and conjugation involved in reported speech which make it easy to make mistakes. Strategies for teaching/practicing reported speech include three person role plays where one person tells another person to tell someone else something (divorcing couples, angry coworkers), and invented news story-type interviews involving reported speech. Reported speech should be introduced slowly.
